Chlorine Conversion
Water Disinfection
March 2009
By David Tuck
Conversion from gas to liquid disinfection yields significant improvement in water quality
Safe to Swim
Water Quality Products
June 2008
By Thomas M. Lachocki, Ph.D.
Water disinfection techniques for swimming pools
PDF Version
Safe for Drinking
Water Quality Products
April 2008
By Frank Daniels
Disinfecting well water with liquid chlorination ensures safe drinking water
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Safe & Simple
Water Disinfection
February 2008
Jill Marie Majka
Keeping rural water supplies safe with chlorine
Making the Switch
Water Quality Products
July 2006
By Scott Betcher
Tablet chlorination systems improve safety, boost quality and reliability, and minimize maintenance for two water systems
Private Chlorine Disinfection
Water Quality Products
October 2004
By Bill Fehrman
Private systems, while not federally regulated, are vulnerable to biological contamination from sewage, improper well construction and poor-quality water sources.
Rehabilitating Rehab Pools and Spas
Water Quality Products
December 2003
The Desert Pain Institute of Mesa, Ariz., wanted an ecologically sound disinfection option for the therapeutic pools and spa in its new facility. Ultraviolet (UV) systems from Aquionics were paired with peroxide disinfection to provide a sanitary pool environment for the facility's aquatic rehabilitation services.
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Ultraviolet Can Reduce Chloramine Effects
Water Quality Products
November 2003
Research has suggested that there is a link between exposure to chloramines in indoor swimming pools and a rise in childhood asthma. An ultraviolet chloramine-destruction system may help lower this risk.
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Evaluating Your Chlorination System
Water Quality Products
September 2003
Carl Hammonds, The Hammonds Companies
This article will focus on three popular forms of chlorine: gas, sodium hypochlorite and dry calcium hypochlorite tablets. Each has advantages and disadvantages relative to cost, convenience, effectiveness, storage and regulatory issues. A look at the pros and cons of each can answer many questions about what's right for your application.
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Brominated Resins
Water Quality Products
July 2003
Ken Korslin, CWS-III, Pentair Water Treatment, Plymouth Products Division
In 1957 The Dow Chemical Corp. addressed the negatives of using bromine by creating a brominated ion exchange resin, which opened up the use of bromine in offshore water treatment applications.2 Today, polybromide resin is used in many offshore water treatment systems. The fact that bromine can be added to water that previously has been chlorinated makes polybromide resin a practical solution to accommodate the multiple sources of water in offshore applications.
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Chemical Tank Cleaning Eliminates Town's Chlorine Demand
Water & Wastes Digest
May 2003
Ulrich Reimann-Philipp, Ph.D.
Finished water quality often declines in storage facilities. Traditional tank cleaning methods have some effect in removing loose debris and sediment, but leave most of the scale, metal oxide deposits and biological growth in place. Chemical cleaning methods have been widely applied in Europe for years and have become an essential part of preserving water quality in systems which operate with minimal or no chlorine.
Chlorination: The Love/Hate Relationship
Water Engineering & Management
April 2003
Bill Swichtenberg
Disinfection with chlorine is very popular in water and wastewater treatment because of its low cost, ability to form a residual and its effectiveness at small doses. However, some organisms that cause disease are resistant to chlorine treatment. Many utilities now are using multi-barrier approaches to disinfection.
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Chlorine Residual Boosting in Distribution Water: Problems with Chlorine Application and Disinfection Byproducts - Part 1
Water Engineering & Management
April 2003
Shin-ichi Tokuno
Previous research on the boosting of chlorine residual1 included how to increase low levels of chlorine disinfectants (free and combined chlorine) in the distribution system. Simple bench tests using a pocket photometer showed that there are no problems in boosting the low level of chlorine residual when boosting the same disinfectant to the water (e.g., free chlorine to free chlorine, or chloramine to chloramine). In the boosted chlorine residual, there is no significant instability in decay or dissipation during the time needed (72 hours) after boosting for the small utility distributors.
Disinfection Part 2: Is Chlorine Still the Answer?
Water Quality Products
January 2003
Joanne Funyak, PPG Industries
Alternatives to the use of chlorine have received increased interest since concerns over the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) have emerged. However, most of these alternatives (i.e., chloramine, chlorine dioxide and ozone) also produce DBPs. Chlorine still is the most common drinking water disinfectant used today and the one we have the most information about. On balance, the health risks of not chlorinating water appear to be greater than risks associated with DBPs.
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Situation Normal During a UV Disinfection Retrofit
Water Engineering & Management
November 2002
Brian M. Balchunas, P.E., and Lawrence H. Hentz, P.E., D.E.E.
At the Patuxent Water Reclamation Facility in Anne Arundel County, Md., a carefully considered construction sequence will keep the facility in operation during its retrofit from chlorine to UV disinfection. Construction started in June 2002 and is expected to be complete by summer 2003.
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Evaluation of a Chlorine Dioxide Secondary Disinfection System
Water Engineering & Management
November 2002
Frank P. Sidari III and Jeanne VanBriesen, Ph.D.
Chlorine dioxide is not a new technology for public drinking water facilities or pulp and paper producers, but its use as a secondary treatment system for small-scale applications is new. Beyond the chemistry and microbiology, potential small-scale operators want answers to a few simple questions: Should I use it? How does it work? What extra work is it going to make for me?
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Impact of Mixing Chlorine and Chlorine Dioxide on Total Trihalomethane Formation - Part 1
Water Engineering & Management
August 2002
Douglas Rittmann, Ph.D., P.E., and Anthony Tarquin, Ph.D., P.E.
Two rules in 1986 amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act are challenging many water utilities to meet stricter water quality requirements. The Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR)2 and the Disinfection?Disinfection By-Products (D-DBP) Rule3, are requiring utilities to implement more advanced technologies in water treatment. The Surface Water Treatment Rule emphasizes the need for utilities to meet minimum levels of disinfection for surface waters, whereas the Disinfection/Disinfection By-Products Rule limits the disinfectant byproducts. Therefore, utilities will have to implement a treatment approach that balances the benefits of disinfection against disinfection byproducts.
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Automated Chlorine Control Brings Precision to Water Reclamation Operation
Water Engineering & Management
May 2002
By Steve Kobler
Using reclaimed water for non-potable purposes as a means of conserving potable water supplies is the most prevalent method of water reuse in the United States today. One of the significant challenges for water reclamation facilities is to keep up with the demands for safe, compliant chlorine (Cl2) treatment. One utility that is effectively meeting this challenge is Southern California’s Otay Water District.
Chlorination and Its Alternatives
Water Quality Products
March 2002
By Anne Penkal and Nadia Abboud, Severn Trent Services, Inc.
Purification of drinking water containing microbiological contamination requires some form of disinfection treatment to kill or render microbiological organisms harmless.
Of the available disinfection treatment methods for private water systems, chlorination in the most commonly used.
Chlorine Taste in the Customer’s Drinking Water?
Water Quality Products
March 2002
By Ron Grage, Chlorinators Incorporated
Chlorine produces bacteria-free water and eliminates algae and slime. It also removes hydrogen sulfide from ground water (wells and springs) and eliminates iron bacteria (cenothrix), which are associated with objectionable odor and taste.
Despite these important facts, some people still object to chlorine in their drinking water. Comments such as “I don’t like the way chlorine makes my water taste” are common.
Water and Air UV Treatment
Water Quality Products
November 2001
By Bak Srikanth, Aquafine Corp., and David Witham, UltraViolet Devices, Inc.
UV is an accepted and rapidly growing technology for treating wastewater in the United States. In Europe, it commonly is used as a primary disinfectant in municipal drinking water systems. Other applications include food and beverage, pharmaceutical, semiconductor and power generation. This article will discuss three other commercially successful and growing applications.
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Gas Chlorine Education
Water Quality Products
September 2001
The Gas Chlorine Education Committee
The Gas Chlorine Education Committee announced the launch of an industry-wide campaign entitled, "Gas Chlorine: The One and Only Choice for Water Disinfection."
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Carbon Block Manufacturing
Water Quality Products
June 2001
Michael D, Steinhardt, US Filter
Carbon block is used in a wide variety of applications and performs a wider range of filtration tasks than other products. How carbon block is engineered will determine its use.
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Oxidizing Arsenic III to Arsenic V for Better Removal
Water Quality Products
March 2001
Dr. Dennis Clifford and Ganesh Ghurye, University of Houston
On June 22, 2000, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed lowering the maximum contaminant level (MCL) for arsenic from 50 down to 5 micrograms/L (Federal Register, 2000).
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Water Softening
Water Quality Products
January 2001
Nancy Lucas, Cargill Salt
Among the many challenges water softening dealers face, one of most difficult can be the presence of iron in a customer’s water supply, particularly in areas where iron content is high. Iron can be a challenge to identify, let alone to recommend an effective and efficient treatment.
Manganese & Iron
Water Quality Products
December 2000
Glenn Gruett
While the recipe for treating problem water can be a quick fix at times, it also can require trial and error on the part of a water specialist who may need to find the ideal combination of treatments to fix the problem.
Tablet Chlorination Systems Allow Plants to Meet Stricter Government/Insurance Regulations
Water Engineering & Management
May 2000
The Fort Valley municipal water plant had used chlorine gas cylinders for many years. A pair of one-ton cylinders were in operation at the wastewater plant and 150-lb. cylinders at the McLeon and Jones water plants. However, new government and insurance regulations forced management to reevaluate its chlorination strategy.
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