Safe for Drinking
Water Quality Products
April 2008
By Frank Daniels
Disinfecting well water with liquid chlorination ensures safe drinking water
PDF Version
Safe & Simple
Water Disinfection
February 2008
Jill Marie Majka
Keeping rural water supplies safe with chlorine
Deciding on UV Disinfection
Water Quality Products
October 2007
By Jon McClean
How UV was used for municipal water disinfection in Busselton, Western Australia
Measuring Chlorine
Water Quality Products
July 2007
By Marianne R. Metzger
Choosing a chlorine testing & monitoring method that works best for your situation
PDF Version
Validating UV Systems
Water Quality Products
February 2007
By Adam Donnellan
Understanding the rigorous DVGW protocol
UV - Moving into the Mainstream
Water Quality Products
October 2006
by Michael Sarchese
UV disinfection technology helps small community water systems meet stringent regulations
The Air Around Us
Water Quality Products
October 2006
By Jeffrey H. Roseman
Proper air monitoring equipment is essential to the safe use of ozone systems
Making the Switch
Water Quality Products
July 2006
By Scott Betcher
Tablet chlorination systems improve safety, boost quality and reliability, and minimize maintenance for two water systems
Eliminating Bacteria with Ozone
Water Quality Products
June 2006
By Roger Nathanson
Ozone proves to be an effective, economical choice for bacteria removal
Eliminating UV Output Loss
Water Quality Products
February 2006
By Sandro Pecile
Independent lab finds no loss of UV output in extremely low water and air temperatures with Hallett Crossfire Systems
Discovering the Secret Ingredient
Water Quality Products
January 2006
Ken Castro
It’s getting increasingly difficult to keep track of all the new and potentially lucrative opportunities currently available to today’s water industry professionals. While industries are demanding more from their water, governments are demanding tighter restrictions on the way water can be used and discharged. That’s where ozone comes in.
UV Disinfection Systems
Water Quality Products
November 2005
By Sandro Pecile
Understanding pressure drop when installing NSF/ANSI 55 Class A UV disinfection systems
International Ultraviolet Association
Water Quality Products
October 2005
James Bolton
Water Quality Products invited James Bolton, executive director of the International Ultraviolet Association (IUVA), to give an overview of the IUVA and its membership benefits, as well as an update on current IUVA initiatives and industry regulations affecting ultraviolet technologies in the drinking water treatment market.
OZONE
Bottled Water Market
September 2005
Brian Johnson
Final treatment for bottled water
Commercial Drinking Water Systems
Water Quality Products
July 2005
Adam Donnellan
When designing a commercial drinking water system using ultraviolet (UV) light for disinfection, you will need to know the local regulations, how to determine flow rates, what options may be required and whether you need pre-treatment.
When speaking about commercial establishments, I am referring to restaurants, daycare centers, schools, hospitals, parks and other entities that serve the public.
PDF Version
Membrane Filtration
Water Quality Products
July 2005
Renee Chu
As the nation’s population continues to grow, the associated use of chemical products and waste generation rises accordingly. As a result, an increasing variety of contaminants are regularly released into the nation’s water sources, eventually making their way into the drinking water supply.
PDF Version
UV Disinfection Part II
Water Quality Products
June 2005
Jeff Roseman
Part II of this article covers theoretical calculations of UV transmission rates based on various fluoropolymers and quartz. The article will evaluate bulb protection material costs and review different applications.
PDF Version
Part I: UV Disinfection
Water Quality Products
May 2005
By Jeff Roseman
All the varying parameters must be analyzed in order to properly design a system that will work effectively on a multitude of water sources and applications, whether the source water is fresh or waste.
PDF Version
Water Vending
Water Quality Products
February 2005
By Marianne R. Metzger
Water vending machines offer consumers a less expensive option to purchasing bottled water or the initial investment of water treatment equipment.
Ozone
Water Quality Products
February 2005
By Roger Nathanson
Water coolers are as common in the work place as copy machines, yet copy machines receive maintenance and cleaning… most coolers do not.
POU Cooler Sanitation
Water Quality Products
January 2005
By John Cooke
Let’s face it. Water coolers tend to grow stuff, and cooler sanitation is becoming more and more important in the mind of the consumer. Meeting sanitation requirements is very labor-intensive, and even then, contaminants can come into contact with water.
PDF Version
Ozone Injection
Water Quality Products
January 2005
By Roger Nathanson
Oxidation is the first step of three that must be followed in order to be successful.
PDF Version
Porous PTFE Tubing
Water Quality Products
December 2004
By Jeff Roseman
Recent studies were conducted on porous PTFE tubing to test the efficacy of how well the tubing transfers ozone into water.
PDF Version
The Hidden Spore
Water Quality Products
November 2004
By Jonathan Dyer
Cryptosporidium—Once a Common Affliction to Travelers of Underdeveloped Countries, Now a Common Outbreak in Communities in the U.S.
PDF Version
Well Water Treatment
Water Quality Products
November 2004
By Joseph A. Lane
… products have been developed that utilize natural processes and lessons learned from the agriculture industry…
PDF Version
UV Disinfection
Water Quality Products
October 2004
By Melissa Lubitz
It is only within the last year that drinking water guidelines, across both Canada and the United States, have incorporated UV into their standards as an acceptable means of disinfection
PDF Version
Private Chlorine Disinfection
Water Quality Products
October 2004
By Bill Fehrman
Private systems, while not federally regulated, are vulnerable to biological contamination from sewage, improper well construction and poor-quality water sources.
Ozone: More Is Not Always Better
Water Quality Products
September 2004
By Paul Overbeck
The International Ozone Association (IOA) has published about 60 papers on the subject at IOA conferences over the past five years.
PDF Version
Product Standards
Water Quality Products
August 2004
By Tom Bruursema
It is easy to confuse the subtle differences between some, and even easier yet to be confused by the requirements of individual standards.
PDF Version
Disinfecting Water Coolers
Water Quality Products
June 2004
By Jeff Roseman, CWS-III, Aqua Ion Plus+ Technologies
Tips for Cleaning and Sanitizing Coolers
for Home, Office and Industrial Applications
PDF Version
Real-World Uses
Water Quality Products
June 2004
By Adam Donnellan, Sunlight Systems
Today, almost all industries have integrated UV into the water system infrastructure.
Food Contamination: Ozone Answers Concerns
Water Quality Products
February 2004
Ed Jones, Tru Pure Ozone Technologies
Recent research has shown that ozone treatment has many advantages over chlorine and other available anti-microbial agents. A key advantage of ozone over chlorine is that it not only kills bacteria, but it also destroys viruses and waterborne parasites.
PDF Version
Taking Care of Beaver Fever
Water Quality Products
January 2004
Contributed by UV Pure Technologies
Problem: Giardia in the lake water (Buckskin Lake, Ontario) from beavers. An additional problem of bio-film clogging filters once system was installed. Solution: Hallett 13 Ultraviolet System with Crossfire Technology and filters. Results: Purified water from lake, improved taste and eliminated bio-film
PDF Version
Rehabilitating Rehab Pools and Spas
Water Quality Products
December 2003
The Desert Pain Institute of Mesa, Ariz., wanted an ecologically sound disinfection option for the therapeutic pools and spa in its new facility. Ultraviolet (UV) systems from Aquionics were paired with peroxide disinfection to provide a sanitary pool environment for the facility's aquatic rehabilitation services.
PDF Version
Ultraviolet Can Reduce Chloramine Effects
Water Quality Products
November 2003
Research has suggested that there is a link between exposure to chloramines in indoor swimming pools and a rise in childhood asthma. An ultraviolet chloramine-destruction system may help lower this risk.
PDF Version
The Role of Ozone in Water Bottling
Water Quality Products
October 2003
L. Joseph Bollyky, Ph.D., P.E., Bollyky Associates, Inc. and Brian Johnson, Pacific Ozone Technology
Because of the relative and perceived ease of ozone treatment, many bottlers still don't use proven ozone process controls and monitoring technology. Thus, they're yet to assure precise ozone treatment, which is necessary when certain contaminants--such as bromide, from which bromate is formed--are present in the source water. The careful use of controls can result in bottled water of a higher quality.
PDF Version
Measuring Dissolved Ozone
Water Quality Products
October 2003
Lawrence B. Kilham, EcoSensors, Inc.
A new technology shows promise for measuring dissolved ozone and can be used in applications such as bottling plants, water stores and food and beverage plant process water treatment.
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Pure Water, Not So Pure Dispensers
Water Quality Products
October 2003
David Clark, Sanisleeve, Inc.
It is up to you to provide your customers with the proper sanitization for their water coolers. The bottle that you deliver should not be covered with dust, fallout, germs and "hand grime."
PDF Version
Evaluating Your Chlorination System
Water Quality Products
September 2003
Carl Hammonds, The Hammonds Companies
This article will focus on three popular forms of chlorine: gas, sodium hypochlorite and dry calcium hypochlorite tablets. Each has advantages and disadvantages relative to cost, convenience, effectiveness, storage and regulatory issues. A look at the pros and cons of each can answer many questions about what's right for your application.
PDF Version
The O-Zone: Are You an O-Zone Technician?
Water Quality Products
September 2003
Roger Nathanson
We will now wrap up The O-Zone Tech Workshop with an ozone quiz. This will be a good chance for you to determine if what has been given has made it into your memory banks or reference library.
PDF Version
Iron in the Water Supply
Water Quality Products
September 2003
Nancy Lucas, Cargill Salt
Iron in the residential water supply can cause its fair share of problems. But what can you say to customers who have these issues and, more importantly, what can you do to help them? Fortunately there are several treatment options available. Use of a water softener, aeration, filtration, ozonation, sequestering and chlorination are some of the more common techniques. The most popular methods all involve the use of a water softener.
The O-Zone: Today's Lesson: How Much is Enough?
Water Quality Products
July 2003
Roger Nathanson
This column will discuss two important topics regarding the use of ozone.
* Ozone dosages. How much ozone is "practical" for certain applications?
* Ozone air treatment. How ozone can be used in air treatment, what your liabilities are and precautions you should be taking.
PDF Version
Bacterial Control with Ozone
Water Quality Products
July 2003
W. Craig Meyer and Partev B. Sarkissian, Pierce College
In the April 2001 issue of Water Quality Products,associates of TCET presented a new method using ozone to treat cooling tower water. Cooling Treatment Systems, Inc. (CTS) of Englewood, Colo., has adapted this method to produce a water treatment system it now is marketing for cooling towers. CTS submitted this new technology to TCET for testing. The results of these tests are presented here.
PDF Version
Brominated Resins
Water Quality Products
July 2003
Ken Korslin, CWS-III, Pentair Water Treatment, Plymouth Products Division
In 1957 The Dow Chemical Corp. addressed the negatives of using bromine by creating a brominated ion exchange resin, which opened up the use of bromine in offshore water treatment applications.2 Today, polybromide resin is used in many offshore water treatment systems. The fact that bromine can be added to water that previously has been chlorinated makes polybromide resin a practical solution to accommodate the multiple sources of water in offshore applications.
PDF Version
The O-Zone: Today's Lesson: Ozonation of Cooling Towers
Water Quality Products
June 2003
Roger Nathanson
The objective of ozone use with cooling towers is to maintain the highest purity of water with the least amount of water waste and chemical use. Chemical use in cooling towers leads to ever-increasing total dissolved solids (TDS), which must be reduced by eliminating water (blow down/bleed off) and then refilling with raw/lower TDS water. This is a vicious circle that will never end unless one of the TDS-increasing culprits (a.k.a. chemicals) is eliminated or reduced.
PDF Version
Ozone Treatment for Residential Well Water
Water Quality Products
June 2003
Myrle Melligan, Triple O Systems, Inc.
Your customers not only are expecting to have enough water supplied from their water source, but they also demand that it is of superior quality. Ozone's technology coupled with such treatment as filters or softeners can fulfill this expectation. Ozone does not need to be complicated in order to treat small water systems.
PDF Version
Pool & Spa Disinfection
Water Quality Products
May 2003
Jeff Roseman, CWS-I, Aqua Ion Plus+ Technologies
This article will address the use of ozone, copper ionization and proper injection of chlorine for a reduced approach to chemicals in providing a clean, clear, healthy pool and spa experience.
PDF Version
E. Coli
Water Quality Products
May 2003
Danielle Duclos
This article provides a general overview of E. coli and drinking water as well as current and emerging monitoring and decontamination technologies.
PDF Version
The O-Zone: Today's Lesson: To Dry or Not to Dry
Water Quality Products
May 2003
Roger Nathanson
Ozone is a gas made from oxygen. One of the processes used to produce ozone is called corona discharge (CD). The CD method is a combination of high voltage electricity and air, dry air or oxygen in a given space.
The efficiency of the ozone generator (ozonator) is based on the quality of the incoming feed gas.
PDF Version
Nonchemical Alternatives to Cooling Tower Disinfection
Water Quality Products
April 2003
Jeff Roseman, CWS-I, Aqua Ion Plus+ Technologies
By explaining some tips and tricks, maybe more water treatment dealers can understand these technologies and use them in their arsenal of treatment methods. Filtration, ozonation, copper ionization and UV light may not be an option on some water supplies or applications, but their usefulness and alternatives to chemical dosing should be considered as an option.
PDF Version
Chlorination: The Love/Hate Relationship
Water Engineering & Management
April 2003
Bill Swichtenberg
Disinfection with chlorine is very popular in water and wastewater treatment because of its low cost, ability to form a residual and its effectiveness at small doses. However, some organisms that cause disease are resistant to chlorine treatment. Many utilities now are using multi-barrier approaches to disinfection.
PDF Version
Chlorine Residual Boosting in Distribution Water: Problems with Chlorine Application and Disinfection Byproducts - Part 1
Water Engineering & Management
April 2003
Shin-ichi Tokuno
Previous research on the boosting of chlorine residual1 included how to increase low levels of chlorine disinfectants (free and combined chlorine) in the distribution system. Simple bench tests using a pocket photometer showed that there are no problems in boosting the low level of chlorine residual when boosting the same disinfectant to the water (e.g., free chlorine to free chlorine, or chloramine to chloramine). In the boosted chlorine residual, there is no significant instability in decay or dissipation during the time needed (72 hours) after boosting for the small utility distributors.
The O-Zone: Today's Lesson: Ozone Installation
Water Quality Products
February 2003
Roger Nathanson
The installation of ozone equipment on well applications utilizes the same principles and techniques as chlorinators, air injection and softener systems. There are only minor variations in sequence, parts and details.
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Disinfection, Part 1: Developments in Ultraviolet Disinfection
Water Quality Products
January 2003
Bruce Laing, Trojan Technologies, Inc.
One of the fastest growing technologies in the water treatment industry is ultraviolet (UV) disinfection. UV disinfection adds no chemicals, and it does not produce byproducts. Additional benefits include easy installation, low maintenance, minimal space requirements and whole-house (point-of-entry) treatment.
PDF Version
Disinfection Part 2: Is Chlorine Still the Answer?
Water Quality Products
January 2003
Joanne Funyak, PPG Industries
Alternatives to the use of chlorine have received increased interest since concerns over the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) have emerged. However, most of these alternatives (i.e., chloramine, chlorine dioxide and ozone) also produce DBPs. Chlorine still is the most common drinking water disinfectant used today and the one we have the most information about. On balance, the health risks of not chlorinating water appear to be greater than risks associated with DBPs.
PDF Version
Air Purification with Ultraviolet Light
Water Quality Products
December 2002
John Garrett, Biozone Scientific
While consumer demand has escalated for water purifying devices, it pales in comparison to what has happened in air purifying. The indoor air purification industry still is in its infancy, yet is recognized by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to be a market valued well into the billions.
PDF Version
Ultraviolet Disinfection of Drinking Water: A Growing Trend
Water Engineering & Management
November 2002
Richard G. Protasowicki, P.E.
The use of ultraviolet (UV) light for the treatment of drinking water is becoming more acceptable by both the public and regulatory agencies as an alternative disinfectant. Water suppliers that are developing new water treatment facilities or modifying existing ones now commonly investigate this technology to determine its applicability to their treatment processes.
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Situation Normal During a UV Disinfection Retrofit
Water Engineering & Management
November 2002
Brian M. Balchunas, P.E., and Lawrence H. Hentz, P.E., D.E.E.
At the Patuxent Water Reclamation Facility in Anne Arundel County, Md., a carefully considered construction sequence will keep the facility in operation during its retrofit from chlorine to UV disinfection. Construction started in June 2002 and is expected to be complete by summer 2003.
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Evaluation of a Chlorine Dioxide Secondary Disinfection System
Water Engineering & Management
November 2002
Frank P. Sidari III and Jeanne VanBriesen, Ph.D.
Chlorine dioxide is not a new technology for public drinking water facilities or pulp and paper producers, but its use as a secondary treatment system for small-scale applications is new. Beyond the chemistry and microbiology, potential small-scale operators want answers to a few simple questions: Should I use it? How does it work? What extra work is it going to make for me?
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Mississippi Town Installs Nation's First RO/Ozone System
Water & Wastes Digest
November 2002
The City of Pascagoula, Mississippi turned to Osmonics of Minnetonka, Minn., to provide a viable solution for the removal of undesired characteristics from their water supply, ensuring compliance with existing and 2001 EPA regulations. Osmonics' process of combining low energy RO in tandem with ozone generation and contacting equipment proved to be the optimal solution to Pascagoula's water deficiencies.
The O-Zone: Today's Lesson: Ozone and Bottled Water
Water Quality Products
October 2002
Roger Nathanson
The following is the first of 11 articles addressing ozone's
applications, installation, sales, service, basics and more. The 12th and final
installment will be a quiz to test your ozone knowledge—so make sure you
come back each month to brush up. Details and instructions will be given in the
final month.
PDF Version
Legionella Solutions
Water Quality Products
September 2002
Bernard Banga, Freelance Writer, French Technology Press Office
Legionnaires' disease is considered so catastrophic that, in France, it must be reported to the medical authorities immediately. This practice has been in place since 1987. During the last decade, public health monitoring systems for this disease have been strengthened. Today, this hazard that arises from buildings has become an emerging public health problem in industrialized countries. The resulting respiratory infections are behind the recurrent epidemics emanating from hot water systems in buildings and air-conditioning cooling towers.
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Impact of Mixing Chlorine and Chlorine Dioxide on Total Trihalomethane Formation - Part 1
Water Engineering & Management
August 2002
Douglas Rittmann, Ph.D., P.E., and Anthony Tarquin, Ph.D., P.E.
Two rules in 1986 amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act are challenging many water utilities to meet stricter water quality requirements. The Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR)2 and the Disinfection?Disinfection By-Products (D-DBP) Rule3, are requiring utilities to implement more advanced technologies in water treatment. The Surface Water Treatment Rule emphasizes the need for utilities to meet minimum levels of disinfection for surface waters, whereas the Disinfection/Disinfection By-Products Rule limits the disinfectant byproducts. Therefore, utilities will have to implement a treatment approach that balances the benefits of disinfection against disinfection byproducts.
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Making the Most of Modular Pumps
Water & Wastes Digest
August 2002
In order to ensure municipal water demands were met, the city of El Dorado, Arkansas contracted with Tanner Engineering & Carter-Burgess to design five new deep wells, water transmission mains, ground storage tanks, pump station, and chlorination facilities. In order to complete the project before the sultry days of summer, the municipality and engineering firm decided to save time and energy by installing a modular pumping system.
Back to the Basics, Part 3
Water Quality Products
July 2002
Jeff Roseman, CWS-1, Aqua Ion Plus+ Technologies
In this last section of a three-part series, the use of
ozone, ionization, distillation and aeration is discussed in a simple fashion
to help the beginner rationalize the importance for a full understanding of
these technologies and the need, again, for a professional water treatment
specialist.
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Developments in Ozone Technology
Water Quality Products
July 2002
Rip G. Rice, Ph.D., RICE International Consulting Enterprises
Ozone technology developments have opened new applications for these established water treatment technologies. Driving these changes has been the identification of new, more disinfection-resistant microorganisms such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium cysts and governmental regulations designed to protect the public health from the hazards of ingestion of these microorganisms. Additionally, the desire to prevent or minimize the formation of halogenated disinfection byproducts formed during chlorination has stimulated new interest in the use of ozone. Combinations of ozone with hydrogen peroxide and/or ultraviolet (UV) radiation can destroy many contaminants present in ground water.
PDF Version
Ultraviolet Dechlorination Technology
Water Quality Products
July 2002
Aquionics
At the Procter & Gamble manufacturing plant in Greensboro, N.C., an Aquionics ultraviolet (UV) dechlorination unit was installed before two banks of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. Trials that ran soon after the UV system’s installation showed a dramatic reduction in the RO membrane wash frequency—down from an average of eight cleanings per month to only two per month.
PDF Version
The Practical Use of Ozone for the Well Water Application
Water Quality Products
July 2002
Roger Nathanson, Ozone Pure Water, Inc.
We?ll discuss the well ozone water treatment application. Each application is a potential business in itself, which means greater revenue and profit. All that is necessary from you is the motivation to boldly go where you have not gone before.
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River Contaminates Town’s Water Supply When State Leaves It to Beavers
Water Engineering & Management
July 2002
Louis Manring
For nearly 70 years, the public water system in the Town of Sterling, Massachusetts operated without incident, delivering clean water to more than 2,000 homes. Because the water from the town’s well field was clean and free of contamination, there was no need for a permanent disinfection system. That all changed in September 1999 when a storm caused by Hurricane Floyd and the state’s increasing beaver population combined to cause bacterial contamination in the town’s water supply.
PDF Version
Measuring Ammonia with Online Analyzers
Water Engineering & Management
July 2002
Tony Palmer, Maureen Ross, P.E. and Stephen G. Nutt, P.E.
Treatment facilities use online ammonia analyzers to monitor and control treatment processes. Controlling ammonia levels can make treatment processes more reliable and cost effective. Currently, there are three major types of online ammonia analyzer technologies available to measure ammonia concentration in a treatment process stream.
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Advanced Technology Brings the Power to Chlorine Dioxide
Water Quality Products
May 2002
Michael Cochran, Engelhard Corp
Chlorine dioxide is an extremely effective and powerful biocide that has been used for many years as a bleaching agent and slimicide in the pulp and paper industry, as a disinfectant in municipal water treatment and in many other industrial water treatment operations. However, significant capital and operating costs have limited the use of chlorine dioxide to large-scale applications. New technology now makes it practical to use the biocide in a wider range of water treatment applications.
PDF Version
Automated Chlorine Control Brings Precision to Water Reclamation Operation
Water Engineering & Management
May 2002
By Steve Kobler
Using reclaimed water for non-potable purposes as a means of conserving potable water supplies is the most prevalent method of water reuse in the United States today. One of the significant challenges for water reclamation facilities is to keep up with the demands for safe, compliant chlorine (Cl2) treatment. One utility that is effectively meeting this challenge is Southern California’s Otay Water District.
Ultraviolet for Disinfection
Water Quality Products
April 2002
Tom Schaefer, Aquionics
Historically, industry has relied on hazardous chemicals such as chlorine and expensive processes such as pasteurization to rid its water supplies of pathogens. Currently, though, the use of ultraviolet (UV) light, the same as the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum of sunlight responsible for killing microorganisms, is providing a safe, reliable and highly effective method of getting the job done.
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