References: 1.Water Chlorination Principles and Practices, AWWA Manual M20, American Water Works Association, N.Y., 1973.
2. White, Geo. Clifford, Disinfection of Wastewater and Water for Reuse, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., (1978).
3. Schalekamp, Maarten, Pre and Intermediate Oxidation of Drinking Water with Ozone, Chlorine and Chlorine Dioxide, Lewis Publishers, Inc., Ozone: Science and Engineering, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 151-186, 1986
4. Lykins, Benjamin W. Jr.; Griese, Mark H., United States Environmental Protection Agency, Drinking Water Research Division; Evansville Water and Sewer Utility, Journal of American Water Works Association, vol. 78, no 6, p. 88-93, June, 1986.
5. Safe Drinking Water Act as Amended by the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986, Camp Dresser & McKee Inc., One Center Plaza, Boston, Mass., third printing, 1987.
6. Griese, Mark H., benefits of Chlorine Dioxide Disinfection, Evansville Water and Sewer Utility, Water Filtration Plant, Evansville, Indiana; 78th Annual Meeting, Indiana Section American Water Works Association; Potable Water-a Necessity of Life, Indianapolis, IN; p. 24, 1986.
7. McKeon, William R.; Muldowney, John J.; Hptowicz, Bruce S., Philadelphia Water Department, Philadelphia, PA., The Evolution of a Modified Disinfection Strategy to Reduce Trihalomethane Formation, 1986 Annual Conference Proceedings, American Watter Works Association; Water--Key to Life, Denver, Colorado, June 22-26, 1986, p. 967-997.
8. Hoff, John C.; Geldreich, Edwin E., Alternative Disinfectants for Drinking Water--Ozone, Chlorine Dioxide, Chloramines, Proceedings Twentieth Annual Public Water Supply Engineers’ Conference--Water Treatment, Part III; Champaign, IL, April 3-5, 1978, p. 41-52.
9. Hubbs, Stephen A.; Amundsen, Dewey; Olthuis, Paula; Use of Chlorine Dioxide and Chloramines as Alternate Disinfectants at Louisville, Proceedings AWWA Seminar on Water Disinfection with Ozone, Chloramines or Chlorine Dioxide, Atlanta, GA; June 15, 1980; p. 51-60.
10. Combs, Lora S., In-Plant Treatment Experience With Chlorine Dioxide, Kentucky-American Water Company, Lexington, Kentucky, 57th Annual Meeting Kentucky-Tennessee Section, Water Pollution Control Association, Lexington, Kentucky; November 3-5, 1985; 19 pages, October, 1985.
11.Blanck, Clarence A., Plant Operations as Related to Trihalomethanes, 70th Annual Meeting, Illinois Section American Water Works Association, Oak Brook, Illinois, March 21, 1979; 24 pages.
12. Hiltebrand, David J.; Hess, Alan F.; Galant, Peter B.; O’Melia, Charles R., Impact of Chlorine Dioxide and Ozone Preoxidation on Conventional Treatment and Direct Filtration Treatment Processes, 1986 Annual conference Proceedings, AWWA, Denver, CO., June 22-26, 1986, p. 187-203.
13. Tarquin, Anthony J.; Rittmann, Douglas D.; Lab and Plant Scale Evaluation of ClO2 for THM Control, Report presented to El Paso Water Utiltities, 1993.
14. Savoir, R.; Masschelein, W.J., Assessment of Chlorine Dioxide as a Means of Limiting the Formation of Organohalogenated Compounds, Pergamon Press, Compagnie Intercommunale Bruxelloise des Eaux (C.I.B.E.), Brussels, Belgium, Aqua (International Water Supply Association), no. 2, p. 114-117.
15. Cotruvo, J.A. & Vogt, C.D., Regulatory Aspects of Disinfection, Water Chlorination: Environmental Impact and Health Effects, vol. 5 (R.L. Jolley et al, editors), Lewis Publishers Inc., Chelsea, Mich., 1985.
16. Werdehoff, Karen S.; Singer, Philip C., "Chlorine Dioxide Effects on THMFP, TOXFP, and the Formation of Inorganic By-Products," Jour. AWWA, vol. 79, no. 9, p. 107-113, Sept., 1987.
17. Condie, Lyman W., "Toxicological Problems Associated With Chlorine Dioxide," United States E.P.A., Health Effects Research Laboratory, Toxicology and Microbiology Division, Journal American Water Works Association, vol. 78, no. 6, p. 73-78, June 1986.
18. Miltner, R. J., Measurement of Chlorine Dioxide and Related Products, A paper presented at the AWWA Water Quality technology Conference, December 6, 1976.
19. Musil, J. Knoteck, Z., Chalupa, J., and Schmidt, P., Toxicological Aspects of Chlorine Dioxide Application for the Treatment of Water Containing Phenol,Scientific Papers from Inst. Chem. Tech., Prague, Czechoslovakia, 8:327 (1964).
20. Bodansky, O., "Methemoglobinemia-Producing Compounds," Pharm. Rev. 3:144 (1951).
21. Masschelein, W.J., "Experience With Chlorine Dioxide in Brussels: Generation of Chlorine Dioxide," Journal of American Water Works Association, p. 70-76, January, 1984.
22. Trakhtman, N.N., "Chlorine Dioxide in Water Disinfection," Gigiena y Sanit., 11:10 (1946); Chem. Abstr., 43: 1508 (1949).
23. McCarty, J.A., "Chlorine Dioxide for the Treatment of Water Supplies," Jour. NEWWA, 58:252 (1944).
24. Ridenour, G.M. & Armbruster, E.H., "Bactericidal Effects of Chlorine Dioxide," Jour. AWWA, 41:537 (1949).
25. Bedulivich, T.S.; Svethlakova, M.N.; & Trakhtman, N.N., "Use of Chlorine Dioxide in Purification of Water," Gigiena Y Sanit., 10:15 (1953); Chemical Abstracts, 48:2953 (1954).
26. Bernarde, M.A. et al., "Efficiencies of Chlorine Dioxide as a Bactericide," Appl. Microbiol., 13:5:776 (1965).
27. Bernarde, M.A.; Snow, W.B.; & Olivieri, V.P., "Chlorine Dioxide Disinfection Temperature Effects:, Jour. Appl. Bacteriol. 30:159 (1967).
28. Berndt, H. & Limeweh, J.H., "Comparative Quantitiative Studies on the Bactericidal Activities of Chlorine Dioxide and Chlorine," Arch, Hyg. Bacteriol., 153:41 (1969); Chemical Abstracts, 71:1952e (1969).
29. Sokolova, N.F.; Troitskii, I.I.; & Zhuchlsova, N.K., "Effectiveness of Chlorine Dioxide as a Disinfectant Against Spore Forming Bacteria in Water," Tr. Tsent. Nauch-Issled Dezinfek. Inst., 20:179 (1969); Chem Abstr., 75:21568X (1971).
30. Walter, G.E., Chlorine Dioxide and Chlorine: Comparative Disinfection, Masterís Thesis, The Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, Md., (1976).
31. Tifft, E.C. et al., "Enhancement of High Rate Disinfection by Sequential Addition of Chlorine and Chlorine Dioxide," Jour. WPCF, 49:1652 (1977).
32. Berg, J.D. et al., "Significance of Subpopulations of Legionella pneumophila and E. coli Resistant to Disinfection by Chlorine Dioxide," Jour. AWWA (1985).
33. Berg, J.D.; Matin, A.; & Roberts, P.V., "Effect of Antecedent Growth Conditions on Sensitivity of E. coli to Chlorine Dioxide," Appl. Envir. Microbiol., 44:4:814 (1982).
34. Berg, J.D. et al., "Growth of Legionella pneumophila in Continuous Culture and its Sensitivity to Chlorine Dioxide," Legionella (C. Thornsberry et al, editors). Amer. Soc. for Microbiol., Washigton, D.C. (1984).
35. Berg, J.D. et al., Disinfection Resistance of Legionella pneumophila and Escherichia coli Grown in Continuous and Batch Culture, Water Chlorination: Environmental Impact and Health Effects, Vol. 5 (R.L. Jolley et al editors). Ann Arbor Sci. Publ., Ann Arbor, Mich. (1980).
36. Berg, J.D.; Matin, A.; & Roberts, P.V., Growth of Disinfectant-Resistant Bacteria and Simulation of Natural Aquatic Environments in the Chemostat. Water Chlorination: Environmental Impact and health Effects, Vol 4, R.L. Jolley et al, editors, Ann Arbor Sci. Publ., Ann Arbor, Mich. (1983).
37. Sproul, O.J. et al., "Comparison of Chlorine & Chlorine Dioxide for the Inactivation of an Amoebic Cyst," Envir. Technol. Letter, 4:335 (1983).
38. Chen, Y.S.R.; Sproul, O.J.; & Rubin, A., "Inactivation of Naejleria Gruberi Cysts by Chlorine Dioxide," Water Res., 19:783 (1985).
39. Ridenour, G.M. & Ingols, R.S., Inactivation of Poliomyelitis Virus by Free Chlorine, Amer. Jour. Public Health, 36:639 (1946).
40. Scarpino, P.V. et al., Effect of Particulates on Disinfection of Enteroviruses in Water by Chlorine Dioxide, EPA-600/2-79-054, Cincinnate, Ohio (July 1979).
41. Cronier, S. et al., Chlorine Dioxide Destruction of Viruses and Bacteria in Water, Water Chlorination: Environmental Impact and Health Effects, Vol. 2, (R.L. Jolley et al editors). Ann Arbor Sci. Publ., Ann Arbor, Mich., (1978).
42. Taylor, G.R. & Butler, M., "Comparison of the Virucidal Properties of Chlorine, Chlorine Dioxide, Bromine Chloride and Iodine," jour. Hygiene, 89:321 (1982).
43. Harakeh, M. & Butler, M., Inactivation of Viruses in Municipal Effluent by Chlorine Dioxide, Viruses and Wastewater Treatment (M. Goddard and M. Butler, editors). Pergamon Press, New York (1981).
44. Berg, J.D.; Aieta, E.M.; & Roberts, P.V., Comparison of Viral and Bacterial Indicators of Disinfection in Wastewater with Chlorine Dioxide, Water Chlorination: Environmental Impact and Health Effects, Vol. 3 (R.L. Jolley et al, editors), Ann Arbor Sci. Publ., Ann Arbor, Mich. (1980).
45. Smith, J.E. & McVey, J.L., Virus Inactivation by Chlorine Dioxide and its Application to Storm Water Overflow, Proc. ACS Ann Mtg., 13:2:177 (1973): Chem. Abstr., 82159955e (1975).
46. Noss, C.I. et al., Reactivity of Chlorine Dioxide with Nucleic Acids and Proteins, Water Chlorination: Environmental Impact Health Effects, Vol. 4 (R.L. Jolley et al, editors), Ann Arbor Sci. Publ., Ann Arbor, Mich. (1983).
47. Olivieri, V.P.et al., Mode of Action of Chlorine Dioxide on Selected Viruses, Water Chlorination: Environmental Impact and Health Effects, Vol. 5 (R.L. Jolley et al, editors), Ann Arbor Sci. Publ., Ann Arbor, Mich. (1985).
48. Alvarez, M.E. & OíBrien, R.T., "Mechanism of Inactivation of poliovirus by Chlorine Dioxide and Iodine:," Appl. Envir. Microbiol., 44:1064 (1982).
49. Bernarde, M.A. et al., "Kinetics and Mechanism of Bacterial Disinfection by Chlorine Dioxide," Appl. Microbiol., 15:257 (1967).
50. Berg, J.D. et al., "Effect of Chlorine Dioxide on Selected Membrane Functions in E. coli.," Jour. Appl. Bacteriol. (accepted for publication in 1986).
51. Ghandbari, E.H. et al., Reaction of Chlorine and Chlorine Dioxide with Free Fatty Acids, Fatty Acid Esters, and Triglycerides, Water Chlorination: Environmental Impact and Health Effects, Vol. 4 (R.L. Jolley et al., editors), Ann Arbor Sci. Publ., Ann Arbor, Mich. (1983).
52. Akin, E.W.; Hoff, J.C.: & Lippy, E.C., Waterborne Outbreak Control: Which Disinfectant?, Environ. Health Perspectives, 46:7 (1982).
53. Natl. Acad. of Sci., Safe Drinking Water Comm., Drinking Water and Health, Vol. 2, Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, D.C. (1980).
54. Warren, I.C.; Hutchinson, M.; & Ridgeway, J.W., Comparative Assessment of Swimming Pool Disinfectants. Disinfectants: Their Use and Effectiveness, (C.H. Collins et al, editors), Academic Press, San Francisco, Calif. (1981).
55. Dowling, L.T., Chlorine Dioxide in Potable Water Treatment, Water Trtmt. & Exam., 23:2:190 (1974).
56. Anderson, A.C. et al., "A Brief Review of the Current Status of Alternatives to Chlorine Disinfection of Water," Amer. Jour. Public Health, 72:11:1290 (1982).
57.Ondrus, M.G. and Gordon, G., "the Oxidation of Hexaaquoiron (II) by Chlorine (III) in Aquesous Solution," Inorganic Chemistry, 11:5:985 (1972)
58. Griese, M.H., et al, "Using Reducing Agents to Eliminate Chlorine Dioxide and Chlorite Ion Residuals in Drinking Water," J. AWWA, 83:5:62 (May 1991)
59. Iatron, A. and Knocke, W., "Removing Chlorite by Addition of Ferrous Iron," J. AWWA (November, 1992)
60. Griese, M.H., et al, "Combining Methods for the Reduction of Oxychlorine Residuals in Drinking Water," J. AWWA (November 1992).
61. Hansel, Glenn, "Reduction of Chlorite in Potable Water by Ferrous Chloride,î Thesis University of Texas at El Paso (May 1993)
62. Fischer & Porter, The Rio Linda Chlorine Dioxide System, Marketing Brochure by Fischer & Porter, County Line Road, Warminster, Pa., 1979.
63. Griese, Mark H.; Hauser, Keith; Berkemeier, Mona.; & Gordon, Gilbert, "Using Reducing Agents to Eliminate Chlorine Dioxide and Chlorite Ion Residuals in Drinking Water," Jour. AWWA, Vol. 83, no. 5, p. 60, May, 1991.
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